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.In, a Trojan horse, or trojan, is any which misleads users of its true intent. The term is derived from the story of the deceptive that led to the fall of the city of.Trojans are generally spread by some form of, for example where a user is duped into executing an attachment disguised to appear not suspicious, (e.g., a routine form to be filled in), or by clicking on some fake advertisement on social media or anywhere else. Although their payload can be anything, many modern forms act as a, contacting a controller which can then have unauthorized access to the affected computer. Trojans may allow an attacker to access users' such as banking information, passwords, or personal identity. It can also delete a user's files or infect other devices connected to the network. Attacks are often carried out using a trojan.Unlike, and, trojans generally do not attempt to inject themselves into other files or otherwise propagate themselves. Landwehr, Carl E.; Alan R.
Cybercrime cases, the media is not reporting that fact. Victories suggests his success maybe an aberration. Rebutting the trojan horse defense From. Based on his having loaded images of child pornography onto a computer belonging to his.
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.Cybercrime, or computer-oriented crime, is a crime that involves a and a. The computer may have been used in the commission of a crime, or it may be the target. Cybercrimes can be defined as: 'Offences that are committed against individuals or groups of individuals with a criminal motive to intentionally harm the reputation of the victim or cause physical or mental harm, or loss, to the victim directly or indirectly, using modern telecommunication networks such as Internet (networks including chat rooms, emails, notice boards and groups) and mobile phones (/SMS/MMS)'. Cybercrime may threaten a person or a nation's security and financial health. Issues surrounding these types of crimes have become high-profile, particularly those regarding, and.There are many concerns surrounding cybercrime when information is intercepted or disclosed, lawfully or otherwise. Debarati Halder and further define cybercrime from the perspective of gender and defined 'cybercrime against women' as 'Crimes targeted against women with a motive to intentionally harm the victim psychologically and physically, using modern telecommunication networks such as internet and mobile phones'. Internationally, both governmental and non-state actors engage in cybercrimes, including, and other cross-border crimes.
Cybercrimes crossing international borders and involving the actions of at least one nation-state is sometimes referred to as.A report (sponsored by ), published in 2014, estimated that the annual damage to the global economy was $445 billion. Approximately $1.5 billion was lost in 2012 to online credit and debit card fraud in the US. In 2018, a study by (CSIS), in partnership with, concludes that close to $600 billion, nearly one percent of global GDP, is lost to cybercrime each year. Main article:is any dishonest misrepresentation of fact intended to let another to do or refrain from doing something which causes loss.
In this context, the fraud will result in obtaining a benefit by:. Altering in an unauthorized way. This requires little technical expertise and is a common form of theft by employees altering the data before entry or entering false data, or by entering unauthorized instructions or using unauthorized processes;. Altering, destroying, suppressing, or stealing output, usually to conceal unauthorized transactions. This is difficult to detect;. Altering or deleting stored data;Other forms of fraud may be facilitated using computer systems, including,. These types of crime often result in the loss of private information or monetary information.Cyberterrorism.
Main article:Government officials and security specialists have documented a significant increase in Internet problems and server scans since early 2001. There is a growing concern among government agencies such as the (FBI) and the (CIA) that such intrusions are part of an organized effort by foreign intelligence services, or other groups to map potential security holes in critical systems. A cyberterrorist is someone who intimidates or coerces a government or an organization to advance his or her political or social objectives by launching a computer-based attack against computers, networks, or the information stored on them.Cyberterrorism, in general, can be defined as an act of committed through the use of cyberspace or computer resources (Parker 1983). As such, a simple propaganda piece on the Internet that there will be bomb attacks during the holidays can be considered cyberterrorism. There are also hacking activities directed towards individuals, families, organized by groups within networks, tending to cause fear among people, demonstrate power, collecting information relevant for ruining peoples' lives, robberies, etc. Cyberextortion. Main article:Cyberextortion occurs when a website, e-mail server, or computer system is subjected to or threatened with repeated denial of service or other attacks by malicious hackers.
These hackers demand money in return for promising to stop the attacks and to offer 'protection'. According to the, cybercrime extortionists are increasingly attacking corporate websites and networks, crippling their ability to operate and demanding payments to restore their service.
More than 20 cases are reported each month to the FBI and many go unreported in order to keep the victim's name out of the public domain. Perpetrators typically use a. However, other cyberextortion techniques exist such as extortion and.An example of cyberextortion was.
Cyberwarfare. Main article:The U.S. (DoD) notes that the cyberspace has emerged as a national-level concern through several recent events of geostrategic significance.
Among those are included, the attack on 's infrastructure in 2007, allegedly by Russian hackers. In August 2008, Russia again allegedly conducted cyber attacks, this time in a coordinated and synchronized kinetic and non-kinetic campaign against the country of. The has also been attributed to Russia and is considered the first successful cyber attack on a power grid. Fearing that such attacks may become the norm in future warfare among nation-states, the concept of cyberspace operations impacts and will be adapted by warfighting military commanders in the future. Computer as a target These crimes are committed by a selected group of criminals. Unlike crimes using the computer as a tool, these crimes require the technical knowledge of the perpetrators.
As such, as technology evolves, so too does the nature of the crime. These crimes are relatively new, having been in existence for only as long as computers have—which explains how unprepared society and the world, in general, is towards combating these crimes. There are numerous crimes of this nature committed daily on the internet. It is seldom committed by loners, instead it involves large syndicate groups.Crimes that primarily target computer networks or devices include:. (malicious code)Computer as a tool. Main articles:, andWhen the individual is the main target of cybercrime, the computer can be considered as the tool rather than the target.
These crimes generally involve less technical expertise. Human weaknesses are generally exploited. The damage dealt is largely and intangible, making legal action against the variants more difficult. These are the crimes which have existed for centuries in the offline world., theft, and the likes have existed even before the development in high-tech equipment.
The same criminal has simply been given a tool which increases their potential pool of victims and makes them all the harder to trace and apprehend.Crimes that use computer networks or devices to advance other ends include:. and (although this increasingly uses malware, hacking or phishing, making it an example of both 'computer as target' and 'computer as tool' crime). Propagation of illegal obscene or offensive content, including harassment and threatsThe unsolicited sending of bulk for commercial purposes is unlawful.is mostly propagated via email. Phishing emails may contain links to other websites that are affected by malware. Or, they may contain links to fake or other websites used to steal private account information.Obscene or offensive content The content of websites and other electronic communications may be distasteful, or offensive for a variety of reasons. In some instances, these communications may be illegal.The extent to which these communications are unlawful varies greatly between countries, and even within nations.
It is a sensitive area in which the courts can become involved in arbitrating between groups with strong beliefs.One area of that has been the target of the strongest efforts at curtailment is, which is illegal in most jurisdictions in the world.Online harassment. The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a of the subject. You may, discuss the issue on the, or create a new section, as appropriate. ( March 2016) Whereas content may be offensive in a non-specific way, directs obscenities and derogatory comments at specific individuals focusing for example on gender, race, religion, nationality, sexual orientation.There are instances where committing a crime using a computer can lead to an enhanced sentence. For example, in the case of, Kramer was handed an enhanced sentence according to the §2G1.3(b)(3) for his use of a to 'persuade, induce, entice, coerce, or facilitate the travel of, the minor to engage in prohibited sexual conduct.' Kramer appealed the sentence on the grounds that there was insufficient evidence to convict him under this statute because his charge included persuading through a computer device and his cellular phone technically is not a computer.
Although Kramer tried to argue this point, the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual states that the term computer 'means an electronic, magnetic, optical, or other high-speed data processing device performing logical, arithmetic, or storage functions, and includes any data storage facility or communications facility directly related to or operating in conjunction with such device.' In the United States alone, Missouri and over 40 other states have passed laws and regulations that regard extreme online harassment as a criminal act. These acts can be punished on a federal scale, such as US Code 18 Section 2261A, which states that using computers to threaten or harass can lead to a sentence of up to 20 years, depending on the action taken.Several countries outside of the United States have also created laws to combat online harassment. In China, a country that supports over 20 percent of the world's internet users, the Legislative Affairs Office of the State Council passed a strict law against the bullying of young people through a bill in response to the.
The United Kingdom passed the, among other acts from 1997 to 2013, which stated that sending messages or letters electronically that the government deemed “indecent or grossly offensive” and/or language intended to cause “distress and anxiety” can lead to a prison sentence of six months and a potentially large fine. Australia, while not directly addressing the issue of harassment, has grouped the majority of online harassment under the Criminal Code Act of 1995. Using telecommunication to send threats or harass and cause offense was a direct violation of this act.Although is protected by law in most democratic societies (in the this is done by the ), it does not include all types of speech.
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In fact, spoken or written 'true threat' speech/text is criminalized because of 'intent to harm or intimidate.' That also applies for online or any type of network related threats in written text or speech.Drug trafficking are used to buy and sell online.
Some use messaging tools to communicate with drug mules. The site was a major online marketplace for drugs before it was shut down by law enforcement (then reopened under new management, and then shut down by law enforcement again). After 2.0 went down, 3 Reloaded emerged.
However, it was just an older marketplace named, that used the name for more exposure from the brand's previous success. Documented cases. One of the highest profiled banking computer crime occurred during a course of three years beginning in 1970. The chief teller at the Park Avenue branch of New York's embezzled over $1.5 million from hundreds of accounts. A hacking group called MOD (Masters of Deception), allegedly stole passwords and technical data from, and other telephone companies as well as several big credit agencies and two major universities. The damage caused was extensive, one company, suffered losses of $370,000 alone.
In 1983, a 19-year-old UCLA student used his PC to break into a Defense Department International Communications system. Between 1995 and 1998 the satellite pay to view encrypted service was hacked several times during an ongoing technological between a pan-European hacking group and Newscorp. The original motivation of the hackers was to watch Star Trek reruns in Germany; which was something which Newscorp did not have the copyright to allow. On 26 March 1999, the infected a document on a victim's computer, then automatically sent that document and a copy of the virus spread via e-mail to other people.
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In February 2000, an individual going by the alias of began a series against high-profile websites, including,. About 50 computers at, and also computers at the University of California at Santa Barbara, were amongst the sending pings in attacks. On 3 August 2000, Canadian federal prosecutors charged with 54 counts of illegal access to computers, plus a total of ten counts of mischief to data for his attacks. The worm corrupted SCADA microprocessors, particularly of the types used in centrifuge controllers. The that mainly targeted Iranian officials in an attempt to obtain sensitive information.
The (RBN) was registered as an internet site in 2006. Initially, much of its activity was legitimate. But apparently, the founders soon discovered that it was more profitable to host illegitimate activities and started hiring its services to criminals.
The RBN has been described by as 'the baddest of the bad'. It offers web hosting services and internet access to all kinds of criminal and objectionable activities, with individual activities earning up to $150 million in one year. It specialized in and in some cases monopolized for resale.
It is the originator of and an alleged operator of the now defunct. On 2 March 2010, Spanish investigators arrested 3 in infection of over 13 million computers around the world. The 'botnet' of infected computers included PCs inside more than half of the companies and more than 40 major banks, according to investigators. In August 2010 the international investigation, operating under the aegis of the, shut down the international ring Dreamboard. The website had approximately 600 members and may have distributed up to 123 of child pornography (roughly equivalent to 16,000 DVDs).
To date this is the single largest U.S. Prosecution of an international ring; 52 arrests were made worldwide. In January 2012 experienced a security breach after as many as 24 million customers' credit card numbers, personal information, billing and shipping addresses had been compromised. In June 2012 and were attacked, compromising 65 million.
30,000 passwords were cracked and 1.5 million passwords were posted online. December 2012 website experienced a denial of service attack. Potentially compromising 70 million customers and 8.5 million active viewers. Other banks thought to be compromised:, and.
23 April 2013 saw the - the hacker posted a hoax tweet about fictitious attacks in the White House that they claimed left injured. This hoax tweet resulted in a brief plunge of 130 points from the, removal of $136 billion from index, and the temporary suspension of AP's Twitter account. The Dow Jones later restored its session gains. In May 2017, 74 countries logged a cybercrime, called '. Illicit access to camera sensors, microphone sensors, phonebook contacts, all internet-enabled apps, and metadata of mobile telephones running Android and IOS were reportedly made accessible by Israeli spyware, found to be being in operation in at least 46 nation-states around the world. Journalists, Royalty and government officials were amongst the targets.
Previous accusations of cases of Israeli-weapons companies meddling in international telephony and smartphones have been eclipsed in the. In December 2019, the and an investigation by revealed that messaging application of the, is a tool. The research revealed that the Emirati government attempted to track every conversation, movement, relationship, appointment, sound and image of those who install the app on their phones.Combating computer crime It is difficult to find and combat cyber crime's perpetrators due to their use of the internet in support of cross-border attacks. Not only does the internet allow people to be targeted from various locations, but the scale of the harm done can be magnified. Cyber criminals can target more than one person at a time. The availability of virtual spaces to public and private sectors has allowed cybercrime to become an everyday occurrence. In 2018, received 351,937 complaints of cybercrime, which lead to $2.7 billion lost.
Investigation A computer can be a source of (see ). Even where a computer is not directly used for criminal purposes, it may contain records of value to criminal investigators in the form of a. In most countries are required, by law, to keep their logfiles for a predetermined amount of time. For example; a European wide (applicable to all ) states that all traffic should be retained for a minimum of 12 months.There are many ways for cybercrime to take place, and investigations tend to start with an trace, however, that is not necessarily a factual basis upon which detectives can solve a case.
Different types of high-tech crime may also include elements of low-tech crime, and vice versa, making cybercrime investigators an indispensable part of modern law enforcement. Methods of cybercrime detective work are dynamic and constantly improving, whether in closed police units or in international cooperation framework.In the United States, the (FBI) and the (DHS) are government agencies that combat cybercrime. The FBI has trained agents and analysts in cybercrime placed in their field offices and headquarters. Under the DHS, the has a Cyber Intelligence Section that works to target financial cyber crimes. They use their intelligence to protect against international cybercrime. Their efforts work to protect institutions, such as banks, from intrusions and information breaches.
Based in Alabama, the Secret Service and the Alabama Office of Prosecution Services work together to train professionals in law enforcement through the creation of The National Computer Forensic Institute. This institute works to provide 'state and local members of the law enforcement community with training in cyber incident response, investigation, and forensic examination in cyber incident response, investigation, and forensic examination.' Due to the common use of and other techniques to hide their identity and location by cybercriminals, it can be difficult to trace a perpetrator after the crime is committed, so prevention measures are crucial.
Prevention The Department of Homeland Security also instituted the Continuous Diagnostics and Mitigation (CDM) Program. The CDM Program monitors and secures government networks by tracking and prioritizing network risks, and informing system personnel so that they can take action. In an attempt to catch intrusions before the damage is done, the DHS created the Enhanced Cybersecurity Services (ECS) to protect public and private sectors in the United States. The approves private partners that provide intrusion detection and prevention services through the ECS. An example of one of these services offered is sinkholing.
Legislation Due to easily exploitable laws, cybercriminals use developing countries in order to evade detection and prosecution from law enforcement. In developing countries, such as the, laws against cybercrime are weak or sometimes nonexistent. These weak laws allow cybercriminals to strike from international borders and remain undetected. Even when identified, these criminals avoid being punished or extradited to a country, such as the, that has developed laws that allow for prosecution. While this proves difficult in some cases, agencies, such as the, have used deception and subterfuge to catch criminals.
For example, two Russian hackers had been evading the FBI for some time. The FBI set up a fake computing company based in Seattle, Washington. They proceeded to lure the two Russian men into the United States by offering them work with this company. Upon completion of the interview, the suspects were arrested outside of the building. Clever tricks like this are sometimes a necessary part of catching cybercriminals when weak legislation makes it impossible otherwise.Then-President released in an executive order in April 2015 to combat cybercrime. The executive order allows the United States to freeze assets of convicted cybercriminals and block their economic activity within the United States.
This is some of the first solid legislation that combats cybercrime in this way.The European Union adopted directive 2013/40/EU. All offences of the directive, and other definitions and procedural institutions are also in the 's.It is not only the US and the European Union who are introducing new measures against cybercrime. ON 31 May 2017 China announced that its new cybersecurity law takes effect on this date. Penalties Penalties for computer-related crimes in State can range from a fine and a short period of jail time for a Class A misdemeanor such as unauthorized use of a computer up to computer tampering in the first degree which is a Class C felony and can carry 3 to 15 years in prison.However, some have been hired as experts by private companies due to their inside knowledge of computer crime, a phenomenon which theoretically could create.
A possible counter to this is for courts to ban convicted hackers from using the Internet or computers, even after they have been released from prison – though as computers and the Internet become more and more central to everyday life, this type of punishment may be viewed as more and more harsh and draconian. However, nuanced approaches have been developed that manage cyber offenders' behavior without resorting to total computer or Internet bans. These approaches involve restricting individuals to specific devices which are subject to computer monitoring or computer searches by probation or parole officers. Awareness As technology advances and more people rely on the internet to store sensitive information such as banking or credit card information, criminals increasingly attempt to steal that information.
Cybercrime is becoming more of a threat to people across the world. Raising awareness about how information is being protected and the tactics criminals use to steal that information continues to grow in importance. According to the FBI's Internet Crime Complaint Center in 2014, there were 269,422 complaints filed. With all the claims combined there was a reported total loss of $800,492,073. But cybercrime does yet seem to be on the average person's radar.
There are 1.5 million cyber-attacks annually, that means that there are over 4,000 attacks a day, 170 attacks every hour, or nearly three attacks every minute, with studies showing us that only 16% of victims had asked the people who were carrying out the attacks to stop. Anybody who uses the internet for any reason can be a victim, which is why it is important to be aware of how one is being protected while online.Intelligence As cybercrime has proliferated, a professional ecosystem has evolved to support individuals and groups seeking to profit from cybercriminal activities. The ecosystem has become quite specialized, including malware developers, botnet operators, professional cybercrime groups, groups specializing in the sale of stolen content, and so forth. A few of the leading cybersecurity companies have the skills, resources and visibility to follow the activities of these individuals and group. A wide variety of information is available from these sources which can be used for defensive purposes, including technical indicators such as hashes of infected files or malicious IPs/URLs, as well as strategic information profiling the goals, techniques and campaigns of the profiled groups. Some of it is freely published, but consistent, on-going access typically requires subscribing to an adversary intelligence subscription service.
At the level of an individual threat actor, threat intelligence is often referred to that actor's 'TTP', or 'tactics, techniques, and procedures,' as the infrastructure, tools, and other technical indicators are often trivial for attackers to change. Corporate sectors are considering crucial role of cybersecurity.
Diffusion of cybercrime The broad diffusion of cybercriminal activities is an issue in computer crimes detection and prosecution.According to Jean-Loup Richet (Associate Professor at the Sorbonne Business School), technical expertise and accessibility no longer act as barriers to entry into cybercrime. Indeed, hacking is much less complex than it was a few years ago, as hacking communities have greatly diffused their knowledge through the Internet.
Blogs and communities have hugely contributed to information sharing: beginners could benefit from older hackers' knowledge and advice. Furthermore, hacking is cheaper than ever: before the era, in order to spam or scam one needed a dedicated server, skills in server management, network configuration, and maintenance, knowledge of Internet service provider standards, etc. By comparison, a mail is a scalable, inexpensive, bulk, and transactional e-mail-sending service for marketing purposes and could be easily set up for. Cloud computing could be helpful for a cybercriminal as a way to leverage his or her attack, in terms of brute-forcing a password, improving the reach of a, or facilitating a spamming campaign.
Agencies., a wing of Mumbai Police, India., formed in Greece in 1995., in the United States., in the United KingdomSee also.
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